php怎么采集ws,谁能向我详细介绍一下eclipse这个软件?
Eclipse是著名的跨平台的自由集成开发环境(IDE)。最初主要用来Java语言开发,但是目前亦有人通过插件使其作为C++、Python、PHP等其他语言的开发工具。
Eclipse的本身只是一个框架平台,但是众多插件的支持,使得Eclipse拥有较佳的灵活性。许多软件开发商以Eclipse为框架开发自己的IDE。
历史
Eclipse最初是由IBM公司开发的替代商业软件Visual Age for Java的下一代IDE开发环境,2001年11月贡献给开源社区,现在它由非营利软件供应商联盟Eclipse基金会(Eclipse Foundation)管理。 2003年,Eclipse 3.0选择OSGi服务平台规范为运行时架构。 2007年6月,稳定版3.3发布;2008年6月发布代号为Ganymede的3.4版;2009年6月发布代号为Galileo的3.5版;2010年6月发布代号为Helios的3.6版
架构
Eclipse的基础是富客户机平台(Rich Client Platform,即RCP)。RCP包括下列组件:
核心平台(启动Eclipse,运行插件)
OSGi(标准集束框架)
SWT(可移植构件工具包)
JFace(文件缓冲,文本处理,文本编辑器)
Eclipse工作台(即Workbench ,包含视图(views)、编辑器(editors)、视角(perspectives)、和向导(wizards))
Eclipse采用的技术是IBM公司开发的(SWT),这是一种基于Java的窗口组件,类似Java本身提供的AWT和Swing窗口组件;不过IBM声称SWT比其他Java窗口组件更有效率。Eclipse的用户界面还使用了GUI中间层JFace,从而简化了基于SWT的应用程序的构建。
Eclipse的插件机制是轻型软件组件化架构。在富客户机平台上,Eclipse使用插件来提供所有的附加功能,例如支持Java以外的其他语言。 已有的分离的插件已经能够支持C/C++(CDT)、PHP、Perl、Ruby,Python、telnet和数据库开发。插件架构能够支持将任意的扩展加入到现有环境中,例如配置管理,而决不仅仅限于支持各种编程语言。
Eclipse的设计思想是:一切皆插件。Eclipse核心很小,其它所有功能都以插件的形式附加于Eclipse核心之上。Eclipse基本内核包括:图形API (SWT/Jface), Java开发环境插件(JDT),插件开发环境(PDE)等。
Eclipse计划
Eclipse由各种不同的计划组成。以下列出了部分计划,更完整全面的列表在此(英文)。
Eclipse计划:本身包括Eclipse平台,Eclipse富客户端平台(RCP)和Java开发工具(JDT)。
Eclipse测试和性能工具平台(TPTP):提供一个允许软件开发者构建诸如测试调试、概况分析、基准评测等测试和性能工具的平台。
Eclipse Web工具平台计划(WTP):用Java企业版Web应用程序开发工具来扩展Eclipse平台。它由以下部分组成:HTML、JavaScript、CSS、JSP、SQL、XML、DTD、XSD和WSDL的源代码编辑器;XSD和WSDL的图形界面编辑器;Java企业版的“项目性质”(project nature)、建构器(builder)和模型(model),与一个Java企业版的导航(navigator);一个Web服务(Web service)向导和浏览器,还有一个WS-I测试工具;最后是数据库访问查询的工具与模型。
Eclipse商业智能和报表工具计划(BIRT):提供Web应用程序(特别是基于Java企业版的)的报表开发工具。
Eclipse可视化界面编辑器计划(VEP):一个Eclipse下创建图形用户界面代码生成器的框架。
Eclipse建模框架(EMF):依据使用XMI描述的建模规格,生成结构化数据模型的工具和其他应用程序的代码。
图形化编辑器框架(GEF):能让开发者采用一个现成的应用程序模型来轻松地创建富图形化编辑器。
UML2:Eclipse平台下的一个UML 2.0元模型的实现,用以支持建模工具的开发。
AspectJ:一种针对Java的面向侧面语言扩展。
Eclipse通讯框架(ECF):专注于在Eclipse平台上创建通讯应用程序的工作。
Eclipse数据工具平台计划(DTP)
Eclipse设备驱动软件开发计划(DSDP)
C/C++开发工具计划(CDT):努力为Eclipse平台提供一个全功能C和C++的集成开发环境(IDE),它使用GCC作为编译器。
PHP开发工具计划(PDT):努力为Eclipse平台提供一个全功能PHP的集成开发环境(IDE)。
Eclipse平台COBOL集成开发环境子计划(COBOL):将构建一个Eclipse平台上的全功能COBOL集成开发环境。
并行工具平台(PTP):将开发一个对并行计算机架构下的一组工具进行集成的平行工具平台,而且这个平台是可移植的,可伸缩的并基于标准的。
嵌入式富客户端平台(eRCP):计划将Eclipse富客户端平台扩展到嵌入式设备上。这个平台主要是一个富客户端平台(RCP)组件子集的集合。它能让桌面环境下的应用程序模型能够大致同样地能运用在嵌入式设备上。
如何才能学好linux?
感谢邀请,如何学好Linux首选要了解Linux系统,而一般情况下,大部分人接触Linux的机会并不多,对Linux平台下的开发更是一无所知。而现在的发展趋势却越来越表明:无论是作为一个优秀的软件开发人员,或是互联网、IT行业的从业人员,掌握Linux是一种很重要的谋生资源与手段,很多迹象表明这是一个很好的加分项。
来自百度经验针对如何才能学好linux的网络资料
从基础开始: 常常有些朋友在Linux论坛问一些问题,不过,其中大多数的问题都是很基础的。例如:为什么我使用一个命令的时候,系统告诉我找不到该目录,我要如何限制使用者的权限等问题,这些问题其实都不是很难的,只要了解了 Linux 的基础之后,应该就可以很轻易的解决掉这方面的问题。而有些朋友们常常一接触Linux 就是希望构架网站,根本没有想到要先了解一下Linux 的基础。这是相当困难的。
Linux命令是必须学习的:虽然Linux桌面应用发展很快,但是命令在Linux中依然有很强的生命力。Linux是一个命令行组成的操作系统,精髓在命令行,无论图形界面发展到什么水平这个原理是不会变的,Linux命令有许多强大的功能:从简单的磁盘操作、文件存取、到进行复杂的多媒体图象和流媒体文件的制作。举一个例子:Linux的常用命令find,察看man文档,初学者一定会觉得太复杂而不原意用,但是你一旦学会就爱不释手.它的功能实在太强了,在配合exec参数或者通过管道重定向到xargs命令和grep命令,可以完成非常复杂的操作,如果同样的操作用图形界面的工具来完成,恐怕要多花十几陪的时间. 不同版本的Linux命令数量不一样,这里笔者把它们中比较重要的和使用频率最多的命令,按照它们在系统中的作用分成几个部分介绍给大家,通过这些基础命令的学习我们可以进一步理解Linux系统.
选择一个适合你的Linux发行版本:目前全球有超过1百多个Linux发行版本,在国内也能找到十几个常见版本。如何选择请根据你的需求和能力,Redhat Linux 和Debian Linux是网络管理员的理想选择。对于英语不是很好的读者红旗Linux、中标Linux这些中文版本比较适合。现在一些Linux网站有一些Linux版本的免费下载,这里要说的是并不适合Linux初学者。
养成在命令行下工作: 一定要养成在命令行下工作的习惯,要知道X-window只是运行在命令行模式下的一个应用程序。在命令行下学习虽然一开始进度较慢,但是熟悉后,您未来的学习之路将是以指数增加的方式增长的。从网管员来说,命令行实际上就是规则,它总是有效的,同时也是灵活的。即使是通过一条缓慢的调制解调器线路,它也能操纵几千公里以外地远程系统。
选择一个适合你的Linux社区:随着Linux应用的扩展,出现了不少Linux社区。
勤于实践: 要增加自己Linux 的技能,只有通过实践来实现了。所以,赶快找一部计算机,赶快安装一个 Linux 发行版本,然后进入精彩的Linux世界。相信对于你自己的 Linux 能力必然大有斩获。此外,人脑不像计算机的硬盘一样,除非硬盘坏掉了或者是资料被你抹掉了,否则储存的资料将永远而且立刻的记忆在硬盘中。在人类记忆的曲线中,你必须要不断的重复练习才会将一件事情记得比较熟。同样的,学习 Linux 也一样,如果你无法经常学习的话,学了后面的,前面的忘了。你对Linux命令熟悉后你可以开始搭建一个小的Linux网络,这是最好的实践方法。Linux是网络的代名词,Linux网络服务功能非常强大,不论是邮件服务器、Web服务器、DNS服务器等都非常完善。当然你不需搭建所有服务,可以慢慢来。需要说明的是这个Linux网络对于初学者有两三台计算机即可,其中一台计算机最好安装Windows系统。自己多动手,不要非要等着别人帮你解决问题。
学习专业英文:如果你想深入学习Linux,看不懂因为文档实在是太难了。写的最好的,最全面的文档都是英语写的,最先发布的技术信息也都是用英语写的。即便是非英语国家的人发布技术文档,也都首先翻译成英语在国际学术杂志和网络上发表。安装一个新的软件时先看README,再看INSTALL然后看FAQ,最后才动手安装,这样遇到问题就知道为什么。如果说明文档不看,结果出了问题再去论坛来找答案反而浪费时间。
目前比较学习Linux系统比较火的论坛
比较大众的论坛
http://forum.ubuntu.org.cn
http://bbs.chinaunix.net/
服务安装,环境配置
https://www.server-world.info/en/
小编个人网站,运维方面相对偏少
http://blog.yoodb.com/
其他CSDN,51CTO等等论坛网站
谈谈如何学习Linux操作系统,来自51cto网络资料,参考资料http://ixdba.blog.51cto.com/2895551/569329
一、 选择适合自己的Linux发行版谈到linux的发行版本,太多了,可能谁也不能给出一个准确的数字,但是有一点是可以肯定的,linux正在变得越来越流行, 面对这么多的Linux 发行版,打算从其他系统转到linux系统来的初学者可能会感到困惑,即便是忠实的 Linux 用户也没有时间和精力去挨个尝试,因此初学者在学习linux的之前,需要有一个明确的方向,选择一个适合自己的系统开始学习linux至关重要!下面我们就分类介绍。
1.1 初学者入门首选-redhat系列在学习redhat系列linux之前,首先要了解以下redhat linux各个发行版本之间的关系。
1.Red Hat LinuxRed Hat Linux是redhat最早发行的个人版本的linux, 其1.0版本于1994年11月3日发行。虽然其历史不及其它linux发行版本悠久,但比起很多的Linux发行套件,Red Hat 的历史悠久得多。自从Red Hat 9.0版本发布后,RedHat 公司就不再开发桌面版的 Linux发行套件,Red Hat Linux停止了开发,而将全部力量集中在服务器版的开发上,也就是 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 版。2004年4月30日,Red Hat公司正式停止对Red Hat 9.0版本的支持,标志著Red Hat Linux的正式完结。原本的桌面版Red Hat Linux发行套件则与来自开源社区的 Fedora进行合并,成为 Fedora Core 发行版本。目前Red Hat分为两个系列:由Red Hat公司提供收费技术支持和更新的Red Hat Enterprise Linux,以及由社区开发的免费的Fedora Core。
2.Fedora CoreFedora Core(缩写为FC)被红帽公司定位为新技术的实验场地,许多新的技术都会在 FC 中检验,如果稳定的话红帽公司则会考虑加入 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 中。Fedora Core 1发布于2003年年末,而FC的定位便是桌面用户。FC提供了最新的软件包,同时,它的版本更新周期也非常短,仅6个月。由于版本更新频繁,性能和稳定性得不到保证,因此,一般在服务器上不推荐采用Fedora Core。其实可以这么认为,Fedora就是Red Hat发行Red Hat企业版linux的一个实验版本,以用户做测试,为Red Hat企业版发布奠定基础。
3.Red Hat Enterprise LinuxRed Hat Enterprise Linux(缩写为RHEL,Red Hat的企业版)。Red Hat现在主要做服务器版的linux开发,在版本上注重了性能和稳定性以及对硬件的支持。 由于企业版操作系统的开发周期较长,注重性能、稳定性和服务端软件支持,因此版本更新相对较缓慢。 RedHat Enterprise Linux又分为4个版本 Advanced Server(AS)、ES Workstation(WS)、Desktop,它们的差别不太大,只是功能方面的差别。
4.CentosCentOS全名为“社区企业操作系统”(Community Enterprise Operating System)CentOS产生的背景:Redhat发布Redhat 9。0后,不再开发redhat 10,11……,全面转向Redhat enterprise linux(简写为rhel)的开发,和以往不同的是,新的redhat企业版要求用户先购买lisence,redhat同时承诺确保产品的稳定性,安全性。rhel二进制代码不再提供下载,而是作为redhat 服务的一部分,但源代码依然是开放的。在这种情况下,出现了centos、whitebox、dao 等等一批open source的企业版本,其中以centos最为活跃。下面讲述centos是如何制作产生的:CentOS社区将Redhat的网站上的所有源代码下载下来,进行重新编译。由于AS/ES/WS是商业产品,因此,必须将所有Redhat的Logo和标识改成自己的CentOS标识。比如将AS4.0原版的SRPM源码编译后,换上Centos社区的logo,这样就成为了CentOS 4.0。Redhat Enterprise Linux AS4 Update1的源码编译后,就成为了CentOS4.1。AS4 Update2的源码编译后,就成为了CentOS4.2等等。CentOS就是这样产生的。因此,可以说CentOS就是Redhat的AS/ES/WS的免费版本,使用centos可以获得与redhat 企业级linux一样的功能和性能。同时centos还提供免费的长期升级和更新服务。因此, 在众多的RHEL的克隆版本中,CentOS是很出众很优秀的。虽然说centos是RHEL的克隆,但并不是一模一样,所说的克隆是具有100%的互换性。对于centos其实不尽相同,RHEL的软件在CentOS上面不能保证100%的正常工作。在了解了Redhat系列各个版本的差异后。其实我们就找到了为何选择Redhat linux作为初学者入门学习的理由了。首先:在国内,乃至是全世界的Linux用户最熟悉、最耳闻能详的发行版肯定就是Red Hat了。因为Red Hat是linux界的“老大”,美国Red Hat公司发布的Red Hat linux是商业上运作最成功的一个Linux发行套件,因此Red Hat公司发行的linux值得信任, Red Hat linux的功能和性能也毋庸置疑。其次:Red hat现在拥有庞大的网络用户群体,网络linux资源基本90%都是基于Redhat linux的,如果您在学习过程中遇到任何问题,随便搜索网络,就有成千上万的答案展示在你面前。第三: Red Hat linux系列版本相互补充,相得益彰:如果你第一次接触linux,那么建议你先安装Fedora Core, Fedora Core安装简单,对硬件支持很好,界面也很华丽,同时也可以体验Redhat linux的最新功能;如果你对linux有一定的了解,需要深入学习,建议你使用CENTOS系统;如果你是在做linux企业级应用,建议你使用RHEL版本。最后: redhat应用范围广,具有典型性和代表性,很多系统(例如红旗redflag,中标linux,Oracle发布的Enterprise Linux )都是以Red Hat linux为基准的,因而,可以说学会了Red Hat linux,就能触类旁通,其它类似的linux系统也能很快掌握; 现在周围学习linux的一般也都是以redhat linux为主,这样交流方便,学习中出现问题,更容易得到解决。同时redhat linux的安装和使用也是最简单的,因此,基本上不会在”装系统”上浪费过多时间。
1.2 企业级应用首选-suse linux企业级的应用追求的是可靠性和稳定性,这就要求构建企业级应用的系统平台具有高可靠性和高稳定性。企业级linux的发行版本就是解决的这个问题。SUSE是德国最著名的Linux发行版,在全世界范围中也享有很高的声誉。2003年11月4日,Novell公司对外宣布将收购SuSE。2004年1月该收购顺利完成,Novell同时将SuSE正式命名为SuSE Linux。 Novell公司收购suse,加速了suse linux的发展, suse linux无论在桌面市场还是服务器市场都更加专业化,据不完全统计,suse linux现在欧洲linux市场占有将近80%的份额,大部分关键性应用都是建立在suse linux下。由于suse 进入中国时间较短,同时加上suse在中国的营销模式短时间不能被国内接受,因此现在suse在中国的市场份额还不是很大,但是这些并不影响suse linux高可靠与稳定性的事实,随着suse的发展,相信suse linux在中国的应用会越来越多。
1.3 游戏娱乐首选-Ubuntu Linux说到linux桌面市场, Ubuntu Linux几乎占据了桌面linux的半壁江山, Ubuntu Linux主打linux桌面之最,界面美观, 简易而不失华丽,如果想在linux下进行娱乐休闲,Ubuntu Linux绝对是首选。Ubuntu 的安装非常的人性化,只须按照提示一步一步进行,安装与Windows一样简单!并且,Ubuntu被誉为对硬件支持最好最全面的Linux 发行版之一,许多在其他发行版上无法使用,或者在默认配置时无法使用的硬件,在Ubuntu上都能轻松搞定。因此你可以像安装windows一样轻松的安装Ubuntu。尽情体验Ubuntu linux带来的乐趣。
1.4 linux作为服务器是发展趋势在上面的章节中主要介绍了几种最常见的linux发行版本,其实linux的发行版本还有很多很多,比较常见的还有Debian GNU/Linux, Mandriva, Gentoo,Slackware, Knoppix,MEPIS, Xandros,国产的红旗redflag,中标linux等等,这里不再一 一介绍,其实纵观linux的各个发行版,linux发行版本无非是朝着这两个方面而来,一是服务器市场,而是桌面市场。以Ubuntu Linux为代表的linux发行版走的是桌面市场路线,虽然它们给用户带来很多惊喜,更新也很快,但是由于桌面市场有着windows这样强劲的对手,linux桌面发展举步维艰。以redhat系列版本为代表的linux发行版现在主要面向企业级linux的服务器市场,重点开发linux的企业版本,suse linux同样主要力量也集中在开发企业级linux上面,其它的例如国产redhat flag,中标linux等都重点投入在了linux服务器市场。linux两大发布厂商现在都走了linux服务器市场的路线,可见linux作为企业级服务器有着巨大的发展前途,据权威部门统计,linux在服务器市场的占有率每年都在持续上升。其实很多linux的应用都是针对linux服务器的,本书的讲述也是主要针对linux在服务器下的各种应用展开的。
二、 养成良好的linux操作习惯当你进入linux的学习之后,请不要用windows的工作方式来思考问题,因为它们之间确实有很大的不同,比如它们之间的内存管理机制,进程运行机制等都有很大不同,这些异同点将在下面章节陆续讲述,因此,抛开windows那种思维,用全新的理念尝试去挖掘linux身上特有的潜质,对初学者至关重要。
2.1 一定要习惯命令行方式Linux是一个命令行组成的操作系统,精髓在命令行,无论图形界面发展到什么水平,命令行方式的操作永远是不会变的,Linux命令有许多强大的功能:从简单的磁盘操作、文件存取、到进行复杂的多媒体图象和流媒体文件的制作都离不开命令行。虽然linux也有桌面系统,但是X-window也只是运行在命令行模式下的一个应用程序。因此,可以这么说,命令是学习linux系统的基础,学习linux,很大程度上就是学习命令,很多linux高手其实都是玩儿命令很熟的人。也许对于刚刚从windows系统进入linux学习的初学者来说,立刻进入枯燥的命令学习,实在太难,但是你一旦学会就爱不释手。因为它的功能实在太强大了。您未来的学习之路也将会以指数增加的方式增长。
2.2 理论结合实践有很多初学者都会遇到这么一个问题,说到系统的每个命令,都很熟悉,但是在系统出现故障的时候,面对出现问题的linux系统无从下手了。不知道在什么时候用什么命令去检查系统,这是很多linux新手最无奈的事情了。说到底,就是学习的理论没有很好的与系统实际操作相结合。很多linux知识,例如每个命令的参数含义,在书本上说的很清楚,看起来也很容易理解,但是一旦组合起来使用,却并不是那么容易,没有多次的动手练习,其中的技巧是无法掌握的。人类大脑不像计算机的硬盘一样,除非硬盘坏掉或者硬盘被格式化,否则储存的资料将永远而且时刻的记忆在硬盘中。而在人类记忆的曲线中,必须要不断的重复练习才会将一件事情记得比较熟。同样的,学习 Linux 也一样,如果无法经常学习的话,学了后面的,忘记了前面的;还有些linux初学者也学了很多linux知识,但是由于长期不用,导致学过的东西在很短的时间内又忘记了,久而久之,失去了学习的信心。可见,增加自己Linux 的实战技能,只有勤于动手,勇于实践,这也是学好linux的根本。
2.3 学会使用linux联机帮助各个Linux的发行版本的技术支持时间都较短,这对于Linux初学者来说往往是不够的, 其实当安装了一个完整的Linux系统后其中已经包含了一个强大的帮助,只是可能你还没有发现和使用它们的技巧。例如,对于一个linux tar命令的使用,你不是很熟悉,那么只要你在命令行输入man tar, 就会得到tar的详细说明和用法;主流的linux发行版都自带了非常详细的帮助文档,包括使用说明和FAQ,从系统的安装到系统的维护,再到系统安全,针对不同层次人群的详尽文档。仔细阅读文档后60%的问题都可在这里得到解决。
2.4 学会独立思考问题,独立解决问题遇到问题,首先想到的应该是如何自己去解决这个问题,解决方式很多,看书查资料,网络搜索引擎,技术论坛等等,通过这几种方式,90%的问题都能得到解决,通过这种方式一方面锻炼了自己独立解决问题的能力。另一方面技术上也能得到快速提高。如果通过如上方式实在解决不了的话,可以向人询问,得到答案后要考虑为何这么做,然后做笔记记录解决过程。最忌讳的方式是只要遇到问题,就去问人,虽然这样可能会很快解决问题,但是长久下去遇到问题就会依赖别人,技术上也不会进步。
2.5 学习专业英语如果你想深入学习Linux,一定要尝试去看英文文档。因为,技术性的东西写的最好的,最全面的文档都是英语写的,最先发布的高新技术也都是用英语写的。即便是非英语国家的人发布技术文档,也都首先翻译成英语在国际学术杂志和网络上发表。安装一个新的软件时先看README,再看INSTALL,然后看FAQ,最后才动手安装,这样遇到问题就知道为什么。因此,学习一点专业的英语是很有必要的。
2.6 Linux学习基本步骤到这里,我们总结一下linux的学习路线图,给各位初学者作为参考。初级阶段:1. 命令是必须要学的,linux常用的命令大概在80个左右,这些常用命令一定要熟练掌握。2. 掌握linux软件包的常用安装方法,例如源码安装,rpm方式安装等等。3. 学习安装设备驱动程序(比如网卡、显卡驱动) 4. 熟悉Grub/Lilo引导程序及简单的修复操作。 5. 熟悉Linux文件系统和目录结构以及linux基本运行原理。 6. 掌握vi,gcc,gdb等常用编辑器,编译器,调试器。 7. 理解shell别名、管道、I/O重定向、输入和输出以及shell简单脚本编程。 8. 学习Linux环境下的网络基本组建。
高级阶段:1:尝试阅读linux内核源码: 这需要具有一定的C、C++语言基础,因为C、C++是linux/unix的核心语言,系统代码都是C写的。2:尝试编译安装和调试自己的linux内核:在阅读源码了解了linux底层的运行原理后,完全可以编译一个适合自己的linux系统来。3:深入学习shell, perl,cgi等脚本语言:这些脚本语言在linux下非常强大,它们能完成你想做的任何事情,熟练掌握这些语言,可以让你在linux系统下游刃有余,如鱼得水。4:构建企业级linux高可用集群系统:linux下有很多开源免费的集群软件,利用这些免费的集群软件完全可以构建出与商业unix系统想媲美的集群系统来。
三、用虚拟机软件学习linux
3.1 什么是虚拟机软件虚拟机软件可以在一台电脑上模拟出来若干台PC电脑,每台PC可以运行单独的操作系统而互不干扰,可以实现一台电脑“同时”运行几个操作系统,还可以将这几个操作系统连成一个网络。
图1:安装了3台虚拟机的windows系统
比如图1中,是在一台电脑上安装了Windows 2000 Server,再在Win2000 server上安装虚拟机软件VMWare,利用VMWare模拟出来3台PC,在这3台PC上分别运行RedHat Linux、Win2000和Solaris 9 for x86操作系统。这4个操作系统同时在一台电脑上运行,互不干扰,并且同在一个局域网内。听了上面的基本介绍,你可能知道虚拟机软件到底是做什么用的了。那么好,我们继续做更深入的介绍。 目前PC上的虚拟机软件最常用的有下述两个: VMWare 网址为:http://www.vmware.com Virtual PC 网址为:http://www.connectix.com
3.2 使用虚拟机软件的好处
1、如果要在一台电脑上安装linux和windows系统,不用虚拟机的话,有两个办法:一是装多个硬盘,每个硬盘装一个操作系统。这个方法比较昂贵。二是在一个硬盘上装双系统。这个方法不够安全,因为系统盘的MBR是操作系统的必争之地,windows更是霸道,每次重新安装系统都要重写系统的MBR,这样的话搞不好会几个操作系统同归于尽。而使用虚拟机软件既省钱又安全,因此,对于新手来说,利用虚拟机学习linux简直是再好不过了。
2、在虚拟机上安装linux系统,你不用担心会格式化掉自己的硬盘,你甚至可以随意的对虚拟系统进行任何的设置和更改操作,你可以格式化虚拟系统硬盘,重新分区虚拟系统硬盘等等, 因为虚拟机是你真实系统上运行的软件,对虚拟机系统的任何操作都是对软件的操作。3、利用虚拟机模拟出来的linux系统和真实的linux系统是一摸一样的,现在各个公司专门的linux服务器是不会让新手随意去动的,而供测试的linux服务器一般又很紧缺,在自己电脑上安装虚拟linux系统,可以随意的学习测试,而不受任何环境影响。
3.3 虚拟机的运行环境和硬件需求
1:运行环境VMWare可运行在Windows(WinNT以上)和Linux操作系统上。 Virtaul PC可运行在Windows(Win98以上)和MacOS上。 注:运行虚拟机软件的操作系统叫Host OS,在虚拟机里运行的操作系统叫Guest OS。
2:硬件需求虚拟机是将两台以上电脑任务集成到一台电脑上来,因此对硬件要求比较高,主要是内存,硬盘和cpu;内存要足够大,因为每个虚拟机都会占用一定的内存资源,内存的总大小等于各个虚拟系统的总和。可喜的是,现在内存已经很便宜了,内存就不是问题了。同样,硬盘空间也是每个虚拟机都要占用的,cpu现在都到了多核阶段,也不是问题。
3.4 虚拟机的安装与使用
1.VMware虚拟机概述上面章节讲到,虚拟机软件有VMWare和Virtual PC,它们各有优缺点,其中VMWare在全球占领了80%的市场份额,因此我们也主要讲述VMWare的安装与使用。VMware是提供一套虚拟机解决方案的软件,主要产品分为如下3个:(1)VMware-ESX-Server: 这个版本并不需要操作系统的支持。它本身就是一个操作系统,用来管理硬件资源。所有的系统都安装在它的上面。带有远程web管理和客户端管理功能。 (2)VMware-GSX-Server: 这个版本就要安装在一个操作系统下了,这个操作系统叫做HOST OS。 这个HOST OS可以是Windows 2000 Server以上的Windows系统或者是Linux(官方支持列表中只有RH,SUSE,Mandrake很少的几种),和VMware-ESX-Server一样带有远程web管理和客户端管理功能。(3)VMware-WorkStation: 这个版本和VMware-GSX-Server版本的机构是一样的。也是要安装在一个操作系统下,对操作系统的要求也是Windows 2000以上或者Linux。和Vmware的区别就是没有web远程管理和客户端管理。Vmware GSX Server不支持虚拟机双CPU,而且已经停止开发新版本, Vmware Server 是Vmware 公司决定将GSX Server免费后,重修代码后发布的, 目前有版本更新。因此我们选择免费的GSX Server作为讲述的版本。
2.虚拟机软件的安装我们在windows下安装windows版本的VMware server,然后在VMware server上安装linux操作系统。虚拟机软件的安装很简单,只需按照windows常规方法安装即可完成,这里不在讲述。
3.创建一个虚拟机系统虚拟机软件安装完毕,双击桌面上的 VMware Server 图标以启动应用程序:(1) 按CTRL-N创建一个新虚拟机,弹出新建虚拟机向导,如图2所示界面,点击下一步:
(2)选择虚拟机配置,如图3所示,这里选择“Custom”,点击下一步:
(3) 选择客户机操作系统,如图4所示,这里选择“Linux”,版本选择“Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4”,点击下一步:
(4) 给虚拟机命名,如图5所示,虚拟机名称设为Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4,虚拟机路径设为“C:\Virtual Machines\Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4”,点击下一步:
(5) 设置访问权限,如图6所示,去掉“Make this virtual machine private”。 这样可以保证系统安装完毕,虚拟机linux系统可以和windows系统互通。点击下一步:
(6) 启动/关闭选项,如图7所示,虚拟机帐户,选择“User that powers on the virtual machine”,点击下一步:
(7) 虚拟机处理器配置,如图8所示,这里选择一个处理器。 如果你有多个处理器可以选择多个,点击下一步:
图8
(8) 设置虚拟机内存大小,如图9所示,可以通过滑竿选择给虚拟机系统分配的内存大小,一般选择是windows系统内存的一半。这里选择800M。点击下一步:
图9
(9) 选择虚拟机网络连接类型,如图10所示,这里选择“Use bridged networking”网桥方式,点击下一步:
图10
(10) 选择 I/O 适配器类型,如图11所示,这里选择“LSI Logic”,点击下一步:
图11
(11) 选择虚拟磁盘,如图12所示,选择“Create a new virtual disk”,点击下一步:
图12
(12) 选择磁盘类型,如图13所示,选择“SCSI (Recommended)”,点击下一步:
图13
(13) 指定虚拟机磁盘容量,如图14所示,磁盘容量,可根据自己的需求选择大小,安装Linux,一般5G即可满足需求,这里输入“25GB”,选择“Split disk into 2 GB files”,点击下一步:
图14
(14) 指定磁盘文件路径,如图15所示,可以点击“Browse”指定磁盘文件的路径,这里的路径为“F:\Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4\Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.vmdk”,然后点击完成,即可完成虚拟机的创建。
图15
(15) 虚拟机创建完毕后,出现虚拟机控制台界面,如图16所示,这样我们就创建了一个 linux虚拟机系统,接下来就需要在虚拟机下安装linux系统了。
图16
(16) 点击图16虚拟机控制台中的“Edit virtual machine settings”选项,即可到“virtual machine settings”界面,如图17所示:在这个界面中,我们可以添加虚拟机各种资源、编辑虚拟机的各种属性,例如修改虚拟机内存大小、编辑网卡连接方式、添加一个虚拟磁盘、指定光盘的引导方式等。还可以删除虚拟机中的各种资源。
图17
(17) 点击图18中“add”按钮,出现图18所示界面:在这个界面中,可以给虚拟机添加各种硬件资源,例如,硬盘、光驱、软驱、网卡、声卡等设备。
图18
到此为止,虚拟机的安装和基本配置已经介绍完毕,接下来开始讲述在虚拟机上安装linux的方法。
4.虚拟机上linux安装方式在虚拟机上安装linux系统,常用的方法有两种:光驱安装和iso镜像文件安装。(1) 光驱安装方式在 VMware Server控制台上,双击右面板上的 CD-ROM 设备,然后选择Use physical drive,location选择host,下面下拉框选择Auto detect即可。如图19所示,最后,Linux系统光盘放入光驱,单击“Start this virtual machine”即可进入Linux安装界面。(2) iso文件安装方式在 VMware Server 控制台上,双击右面板上的 CD-ROM 设备,然后选择Use ISO image,然后指定iso文件路径,如图20所示,最后,单击Start this virtual machine即可进入Linux安装界面。
图19
图20
Linux系统的安装,我们将在在后面文章中讲述,这里不在多说。
四、linux学习资源
4.1 网络资源,搜索引擎,论坛Linux的开源特性决定了linux知识的开放性和充足性。当今,linux非常流行,linux学习资源也非常之多,书店到处可见linux方面的书籍,选择一本适合自己的慢慢去学习,再好不过。除了书本的知识,网络里也有无限的linux学习资源,各大linux技术门户,linux社区论坛,都是学习linux的好地方;在这里,有一批无私奉献的linux狂热爱好者,他们把自己的学习经验和学习总结无偿的发布出来;他们每天在linux论坛的各个角落热情的回答广大网友提出的问题;他们不求回报,因为他们热爱技术,热爱linux。遇到学习问题,或者要查找某些linux资料,搜索引擎绝对是第一选择,例如google.cn和baidu.com,99%的技术资料都能在这里搜到。查找linux资料,不要错过这两个优秀的搜索引擎。
4.2 有本书在身边网络中有很多linux学习资源,丰富的学习资源,虽然给我们学习提供了很好的便捷性,但是也造成了我们学习的盲目性,学习资源的丰富性,引出的另一个问题是资源的混杂,刚入门的新手感觉无从下手,可能今天看了一点内存管理的资料,明天学习了一点磁盘管理的资料,并且总是感觉自己理解了也学会了,但是就是无法灵活的掌握,究其原因,就是没有系统的学习linux。因此,选择一本好书在自己身边是必须的,一本好书应该是由浅入深,有点及线,有线及面的介绍知识,选择一本好书,同时结合网络资源进行循序渐进的学习,此时,你的学习就不会再有空洞感,进步也会飞快。你会感觉学习linux是一件很快乐的事情。
五、linux的应用领域很多新手都有一个很疑惑的问题:“我学习linux系统,能在上面干什么呢,或者说linux系统具体能做什么”,有这样的疑问,也很正常,但是随着对linux了解的加深,这些疑问就会慢慢消除,下面具体讲述下linux操作系统的应用领域(也就是linux到底是干啥的)。
1:服务器领域现在的服务器市场以linux、unix、windows三分天下, linux可谓后起之秀,从产生发展到现在,在服务器应用领域节节攀升,并且每年增长势头迅猛。Linux作为企业级服务器应用广泛,利用Linux系统可以使企业构架WWW服务器、代理服务器、邮件服务器、DNS服务器、透明网关、路由器等等,不但给企业降低了运营成本,同时获得了linux系统带来的高稳定性和高可靠性。随着linux在服务器领域的广泛应用,这几年来,linux已经悄悄进入政府、教育、银行、石油等行业,同时各大unix厂商也推出在unix平台支持linux操作系统,例如IBM AIX。这一切表明,linux在服务器市场前景光明,相信在不久的将来,linux会渗透到社会各个领域。
2.嵌入式Linux系统由于 Linux系统开放源码,功能强大、可靠、灵活而且具有伸缩性,再加上它广泛支持大量的微处理器体系结构、硬件设备、图形支持和通信协议,因此,在嵌入式应用的领域里,从因特网设备到专用的控制系统,Linux 操作系统的前景都很光明的。例如,诺基亚和摩托罗拉公司都推出了linux平台的手机。
各位有什么收藏的网站或者app分享?
真是相见恨晚!超级实用的APP分享,错过就损失几个亿!超全的App,不论学生党,成年人,老人,一概适合,聪明的人早就偷偷收藏起来,悄悄变厉害了!
这里依旧是乐恬[送心][送心]
关注乐恬不迷路,后期更多推荐[灵光一闪][灵光一闪]
热血传奇目前正在开放的火热版本中?
高爆版本
高爆版本可以说是传奇近几年最受欢迎的版本了,什么一刀999,开局屠龙刀等等口号,让玩家享受了一般当年不敢想象的运气。
以前的传奇各种顶级装备的爆率都太低了,特戒、屠龙、裁决、嗜魂等等,这些都是玩家的梦想。但是传奇用爆率给我们的梦想填上了一个标签,遥不可及。
所以高爆版本的出现让当年的老玩家体会了一般左手屠龙、右手裁决,包里特戒满配的快感。唯一的坏处就是,大家都有,这些神器也不香了啊。
复古微变:http://game.youxin75.com/qudao.php?s=/home/down/down_file333/f/WzE0MCwxMzksMjk1XQ%3D%3D.html
复古合击高爆:http://mk.3975ad.xyz/go/index/phone/lid-AgAOB1BVAws
合计版本
可以让玩家除了操作自身英雄之外,还可以在控制第二个角色。虽然刚出来时备受追捧,毕竟两个角色的力量总比一个角色要强。
但是很快玩家就觉得上当了,在合计版本出现的时候,当时的传奇已经沦为了一个氪金游戏。
而拥有了两个角色,就意味着你要准备两套高级武器装备。虽然对于土豪来说无所谓,当时对于平民玩家来说,这让我怎么伤的起。
当时比较有名的土豪,比如神奇风云,他就给自己的两个角色都配备上了天龙圣剑与天龙圣衣,壕无人性啊。
复古英雄版:http://mk.3975ad.xyz/go/index/phone/lid-AgAOB1BWCws
复古合击高爆:http://mk.3975ad.xyz/go/index/phone/lid-AgAOB1BVAws
单职业版本
传奇一直以经典的三职业而著称,虽然以前的传奇也做出过改变,比如三职业可以进行职业进阶,每个职业都有两种职业可以选择,当时遭到了玩家的抵触。
不过官方显然没有放弃这种改变,这就导致了三职业版本的传奇的出现。
设置也很简单,就是讲所有的职业都设置为战士,但是拥有道士的毒与法师的魔法盾等技能,也是受到了不少玩家的追捧。
除此之外的传奇还出现过BT版本、杀戮版本等等,那么传奇最受欢迎的版本是哪个版本呢?
屠龙单职业:http://mk.3975ad.xyz/go/index/phone/lid-AgAOB1BVAgE
3D至尊传奇单职业:http://game.youxin75.com/qudao.php?s=/home/down/down_file333/f/WzE0MiwxNDMsMjk1XQ%3D%3D.html
那就是最初的点卡版本。
对于所有的老玩家来说,那段时光可以说是他们的传奇生涯里最快乐的时光了。
为什么他们可以包容传奇之后的任性以及疯狂圈钱的行为呢?这都是因为玩家对于老版本的情怀,这样的情怀可以强到什么程度,以至于玩家一次次的受到伤害,却一直还在坚持。
在老传奇中,一切都是公平的,打怪升级全看人品与时间,想要比别人强你需要的是技术而不是挂机自动,氪金根本没用,因为你的钱除了可以买点卡外,做不了什么。
复古点卡176:http://mk.3975ad.xyz/go/index/phone/lid-AgAOB1BWCws
以上就是今天的全部内容,喜欢玩传奇的朋友,可以关注。更多传奇资讯,请关注微信公众号:新凌云复古传奇,专注于寻找更多好玩的传奇,如火龙服,复古服,打金服,单职业,冰雪服等等,绝对不同于APP应用市场上的游戏,每个玩家在这里都可以找到自己喜欢的版本。
如何学习音标?
音标是学习英语的第一步,想要学好音标需要认识音标、会读音标,这样以后才能认识单词。在学习音标前,我们要先知道国际音标有48个,元音有20个,辅音有28个,元音又分为单元音和双元音,单元音有12个,双元音有8个。
音标数目
在上表中,我们可以看到音标有48个,现在我们常说的国际音标也是48个。
可以点击下面链接学习音标。
《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK》
元音部分
辅音部分
音标的分类
最实用的分类方式是:元音=长元音+短元音+双元音;辅音=清辅音+浊辅音。
英语一共有48个国际音标,包括20个元音,28个辅音。
20个元音包括5个长元音:/i:/、/ɜ:/、/u:/、/a:/、/ɔ:/;
7个短元音:[i] [ə] [ɔ] [u] [ʌ] [e] [æ];
8个双元音:/eɪ、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/;
注意:
1、长元音顾名思义就是发的音比较长而饱满;短元音则发的音比较短而急;
2、双元音就是两个单元音拼在一起,成为组合音。双元音发音的特点是前面的单元音发音长,后面的发音比较短。
28个辅音包括:轻辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/
浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/
鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
半元音 /j/ /w/
边音 /ǀ/
发音技巧
长元音
点击这个视频学习长元音发音。《【元音音标(长元音)-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/xz9mOz3》
5个长元音/i:/、/ɜ:/、/u:/、/a:/、/ɔ:/发音技巧。
(1)/i:/发音技巧:
发音时舌尖抵下齿,口形扁平。在发音的时候要尽量拉长,就像古人喝醉酒以后吟诗的感觉。
单词举例:bee [biː] n. 蜜蜂;see [siː] v. 看见,参看
(2)/ɜ:/发音技巧:
/ɜ:/是长元音,近似于北京腔的“儿”话音,如“花儿”的“儿”。发好这个音,关键在于卷舌!
单词举例:shirt [ʃə:t] n. 衬衫,男士衬衫;nurse [nə:s] n. 护士,保姆
(3)/u:/发音技巧
发这个音时双唇用力向前突出,有点像拉长了音说“乌”,但要注意,“乌”的口形较扁。
单词举例:moon [mu:n] n. 月球,月亮;room [ruːm] n. 房间,空间
(4)/a:/发音技巧
发音时口张大,双唇稍收圆。发音时可以照着镜子,说“啊”,看看嘴巴张得够不够大,记得要将嘴巴尽量张大。
单词举例:ask [a:sk] v. 问,询问; far [fa:r] adj. 远的
(5)/ɔ:/发音技巧
发这个音时,双唇稍稍收圆,并向前突出,发音接近于汉语“嗷”。这是个长元音,记住:长元音一定要拉长,发出来才好听。
单词举例:door [dɔ:r] n. 门; short [ʃɔ:t] adj. 短的
短元音
点击这个视频学习短元音发音。《【【英语音标7个短元音/ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/怎么读?】-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/fo9Bd5E》
7个短元音:/i/、/ə/、 /ɔ/、/u/、/ʌ/、/e/、/æ/
(1)/i/发音技巧
它是个短元音,发音要短促而轻快。
单词举例:big [bɪɡ] adj. 大的,庞大的;Fit [fit] v. 合身,适合于
(2)/ə/发音技巧
发音时舌身平放,双唇扁平。发这个音时不用卷舌。
单词举例:teacher [ˈtiːtʃə] n. 老师,教师; mother [ˈmʌðə] n. 母亲
(3)/ɔ/ 发音技巧
这是一个短元音,发音一定要短,发音比/ɔ:/短一些,双唇稍稍收圆,并向前突出。
单词举例:dog [dɔg] n.狗,家伙;hot [hɔt] adj. 热的,辣的
(4)/u/ 发音技巧
发音时双唇收圆,稍突出。就像发汉语中的“乌”,但没发完就给打断了一样。
单词举例:book [bʊk] n. 书,卷;cook [kʊk] vt. 烹调,煮
(5)/ʌ/ 发音技巧
发音时舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿,唇形稍扁,开口度较大。这个发音有点像发“啊”音时突然被谁卡住了脖子的感觉。
单词举例:brother['brʌðə(r)] n. 哥哥,弟弟;mother [ˈmʌðə] n. 母亲
(6)/e/发音技巧
发音时舌尖抵下齿,舌前部稍抬起,上下嘴张开的角度大约呈“45度”,同时发出声音。
单词举例:leg [leg] v. n. 腿,支柱; desk [desk] n. 书桌
(7)/æ/发音技巧
发音时,双唇向两边平伸,张开嘴,嘴唇放松逐渐压低舌头7和下颚,尽可能夸张。
单词举例:bad [bæd] :adj. 坏的,不好的;cat [kæt] :n. 猫,猫科动物
双元音
点击这个视频学习双元音发音。《【【英语基础】英语国际音标-8个双元音的发音-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/VQsPDdl》
8个双元音发音技巧:/eɪ/、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/
(1)/eɪ/发音技巧
该音是个双元音,发音时双唇稍扁,口形从半开到合。类似于英文字母“A”。
单词举例:say[sei] v.说;delay[diˈlei] n. 延迟
(2)/aɪ/发音技巧
发此音的关键是要把/a/音发足,接近于英文字母中的“I”。
单词举例:ice [ais] n. 冰,雪糕;side [said] n. 面,边
(3)/ɔɪ/发音技巧
发音时双唇从圆到扁,口形从开到合。接近于汉语发音“奥一”。
单词举例:oil [ɔil] n. 油,石油;noise [nɔɪz] n. 噪音,嘈杂声
(4)/ɪə/发音技巧
发声时,由第一个音[i]向[ə]集中,接近于汉语发音“一呃”。
单词举例:fear [fɪər] :n. 害怕,可能性;dear [dɪər] :adj. 亲爱的
(5)/eə/发音技巧
接近于汉语发音“哎呃”。
单词举例:bear [bɛə] :n. 熊;wear [wɛə] :vt. 穿着
(6)/ʊə/发音技巧
第一个是“短乌音”/u/,第二个是/ə/。类似于汉语发音“屋呃”。
单词举例:sure [ʃʊər] adj. 确信的,确实的;pure [pjʊər] adj. 纯的; 单纯的
(7)/əʊ/发音技巧
舌位由半低到高,口形由半开到小。接近于汉语发音“呃屋”。
单词举例: flow [fləu] :vi. 流;glow [ɡləʊ] :vi. 发光,灼热
(8)/aʊ/发音技巧
由第一个音向第二个音滑动,接近于汉语发音“啊屋”。
单词举例:cow [kaʊ] n. 奶牛,乳牛;hour [aʊər] n. 小时,钟头
辅音
点击这个视频学习辅音发音。《【英语音标(辅音部分),发音规则与技巧!美式发音,地道口语!清辅音,浊辅音!初级,零基础,欢迎新手!-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/dCgZVAA》
11个清辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/
11个浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/
注意:
清辅音:发音时送气,声带不颤动(颤不颤用手放在喉咙上就知道了)
浊辅音:发音时不送气(拿张纸放在嘴前,纸没有被吹开),声带颤动。
(1)/p/ /b/谐音分别为“普”、“卜”,都省去韵母成分
发音方法:/p/是清辅音,声带不振动;/b/是浊辅音,声带振动。
单词举例:/p/:pen [pen] n.钢笔;pin [pin] n.大头针
/b/:bike [baik] n.自行车;beg [beg] v.乞求
(2)/t/ /d/分别谐音“特”、“得”。
发音方法:/t/是清辅音,声带不振动;/d/是浊辅音,声带振动。
单词举例:/t/ :ten [ten] num; test [test] n. 试验, 考验
/d/: student [ˈstudnt] n.学生; date [deɪt] n.日期、日子、约见时间 v.注明日期、写上日期
(3)/k/ /g/分别谐音“可”、“嗝”。
发音方法:发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚,憋住气,然后突然分开,气流送出口腔,形成爆破音。/k/是清辅音,声带不要振动;/g/是浊辅音,声带需要振动。
单词举例:/k/ :kite [kait] n. 风筝;cake [keɪk] n. 蛋糕
/g/: glove [ɡlʌv] n. 手套;girl [ɡə:l] n. 女孩
(4)/f/ /v/
/f/谐音“府”,/v/就是北方人把W读成V那种感觉。
发音方法:发音前,上齿咬住下嘴唇,然后使气流由唇齿间的缝隙中通过,从而引起摩擦。
/f/是清辅音,发音时声带不震动;/v/是浊辅音,发音时声带振动。
单词举例:/f/:flower ['flaʊər] n. 花;fly [flai] vi.飞, 飞行
/v/:love [lʌv] v. 爱;seven [ˈsevən] num. 七
(5)/θ/ /ð/ 牙齿轻咬舌尖发出的音
发音方法:发音时,舌尖微微伸出,置于上下门齿之间,舌尖和下齿之间的气流通道非常窄小,气流从舌齿间的窄缝中通过。/θ/是清辅音,发音时声带不振动;/ð/是浊辅音,发音时声带振动。
单词举例:/θ/:three [θri:] num. 三; throw [θrəʊ] vi. 投掷
/ð/:this [ðɪs] pron. 这,这个,这里; mother [ˈmʌðə(r)] n. 母亲
(6)/s/ 谐音“丝”,/z/“zi”
发音方法:发音时舌端靠近齿龈,气流由舌端齿龈间送出。/s/是清辅音,声带不振动;/z/是浊浦音,声带振动。
单词举例:/s/:school [sku:l] n. 学校,学院;bus [bʌs] n. 公共汽车
/z/:please [pli:z] int.请;zoo [zu:] n.动物园
(7)/ts/ /dz/分别谐音“次”、“自”
发音方法:舌端先贴住上齿龈,堵住气流,气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音,声带不振动,/dz/是浊辅音,声带振动。
单词举例:/ts/:cats [kæts] n. 猫( cat的名词复数 );hats [hæts] n. 帽子( hat的名词复数 )
/dz/:hands [hændz] n.手;lands [lændz] n.陆地
(8)/tr/ /dr/分别谐音“戳”、“捉”
发音方法:舌尖贴齿龈后部,气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音,声带不振动;/dr/是浊辅音,声带振动。
单词举例:/tr/ : tree [tri:] n. 树,木料;try [traɪ] vt.& vi. 试图
/dr/:dress [dres] n.连衣裙;drink [drɪŋk] v.喝酒
(9)/∫/ /ʒ/分别谐音“诗”、“日”
发音方法:/∫/是清辅音,声带不振动;/ʒ/是浊辅音,声带振动。
单词举例:/∫/:English [ˈɪŋglɪʃ] adj. 英格兰的; 英国的;rubbish [ˈrʌbɪʃ] n. 垃圾;
/ʒ/:pleasure [ˈpleʒə] n.快乐,愉快;casual [ˈkæʒuəl] adj意外的,偶然的
(10)/t∫/ /dʒ/分别谐音“吃”、“之”
发音方法:发音时舌身抬高,舌端抵上齿龈后部,气流通过时发出破擦音。/t∫/是清辅音,声带不振动;/dʒ/是浊辅音,声带振动。
单词举例:/t∫/: chalk [tʃɔ:k] n. 粉笔;chair [tʃeər] n. 椅子
/dʒ/:page [peɪdʒ] n.页 ;age [eɪdʒ] n.年龄
(11)/h/ /r/分别谐音“呵”、“若”,省去韵母成分。
发音方法:
发/h/这个音时,嘴半开,气流从口腔不受阻碍而出,声带不振动,清辅音。
发/r/这个音时,舌端上卷,靠近上齿龈附近,嘴唇张开并保持略圆状态,气流从口腔涌出,声带振动,属于浊辅音。
单词举例: /h/: hair [heə(r)] n.头发;hate [heɪt] v.恨,厌恶
/r/: sorry ['sɒrɪ] v.对不起 ;write [raɪt] v.写
鼻音
点击这个视频学习鼻音发音。《【(21)鼻音 m n ŋ | 英语音标发音口型示范 | 美式发音-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/8P1jfXx》
(1)/m/谐音“恩”
发音方法:双唇紧闭,软腭下垂,气流从鼻腔发出,声带震动。闭口音。
单词举例:major [ˈmeɪdʒə(r)] adj.主要的;time [taɪm] n.时间
(2)/n/谐音“呢”
发音方法:舌尖顶住上齿龈,形成阻碍,气流从鼻腔发出,同时声带震动,开口音。
单词举例:nice [naɪc] adj.漂亮的;funny [ˈfʌni] adj.有趣的
(3)/ŋ/谐音“英”,省去声母部分
发音方法:发音时气流从鼻腔涌出,声带振动。
单词举例: think [θɪŋk] v.想;angel [ˈeɪndʒl] n.天使
边音
点击这个视频学习边音发音。《【真正的国际音标-边音 Lateral-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/G9C7X9F》
/l/谐音“里”
发音方法:舌尖顶住上齿龈,发音时气流从舌面的两侧通过,声带保持震动,属于浊辅音。
单词举例:light [laɪt] n.光线 ;ball [bɔ:l] n.球
半元音
点击这个视频学习半元音发音。《【BBC英语 其他辅音 半元音'w'的发音 与'v'的区别 国际音标发音|Pronunciation Tips 34 Other Consonant-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/fC2pYDl》
/j/谐音“耶”
发音方法:发音时声带震动,气流口腔发出。浊辅音,发音口型类似/ i/.
单词举例:ye [jes] adv.是的;young [jʌŋ] adj.年轻的
/w/谐音“屋”
发音方法:嘴唇张开到刚好可以含住一根吸管的程度,并向前微噘起,但上齿不能接触下唇,立刻滑向其后的元音。
单词举例:wish [wɪʃ] :v. 希望; which [wɪtʃ] :pron. 哪一个
学习步骤
抄写
抄写音标,并了解音标特点。
对音标的基本认知
1、区别长短音带“:”的音标发音相对较长不带“:”的音标发音相对较短。
2、区别清辅音和浊辅音核心区别:清辅音声带不震动,浊辅音声带振动。
模仿练习
找合适的视频学习学习跟读。例如b站上《【赖世雄48个英语音标朗读示范,美音英音对照版-哔哩哔哩】 【https://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3】》、《【李咏梅老师英语(音标部分)——最牛的初中英语老师!没有之一!李咏梅国际音标 (完整版发音篇)-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/U1pmjNE》、《【纯正英式发音】这是BBC出品的到现在为止最棒的英语发音教程(完整版)-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/gZzDKl5》,以上几个视频都非常不错,详细讲解每个音标的读法。注意视频一定至少跟读5遍,才能确保你的学习效果。
也可以通过下面这个视频观察发音口型的变化。
《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK》
1、模仿练习,学习国际音标的发音,要注意观察老师的口型,观察发音部位的变化,主动模仿发音,初学可以对着镜子模仿练习,特别是元音发音的舌位高低,口腔开口度大小与音色关系十分密切,可以通过镜子观察口型上的区别,观察舌尖、舌面、舌叶的活动情况,比如u和o、i和e、e和ε等等,掌握准确口腔开口度,对于准确发音具有非常重要的意义。
2、听音训练:学习国际音标需要认识48个音标,通过反反复复的听力练习,达到强化记忆。听音训练,如果有条件,可以多听老师朗读音标,也可以使用录音带反复听音,本课件中的每个音素,都可以循环倾听,强化记忆。
3、多动口,动口是加强实践的关键和核心,听音也好,模仿也好,比较也好,最终要归结到自己发音这一目标上来,所以勤动口是掌握国际音标发音的关键。俗话说,"三天不写手生,三天不念口生",说的就是要加强动手动口能力的培养。因此学习国际音标,要时时加强语音训练,勤动口,反复实践练习,在实践中比较,在实践中体会差别,做到熟能生巧,这样自然就掌握国际音标的发音了。
重点音标讲解
单元音
[i:] =“一”
[ɪ]:[ɪ]开口要比[i:]稍大,注意比较两图口型。
[e] 嘴张45°,[æ]嘴张90°
[ɜ:r] [ər]=“二”
[ə]=额(不卷舌)
[ʌ]:开口比“啊”略小
[ɑ:r]=卷舌的“啊”
[ɑ] =“啊”
[ɔ] =开口稍大的“哦”
[ɔ:r]=卷舌的“哦”
[u:]核心:双唇由半开微突,过渡到合嘴圆唇
[ʊ] 发成噘嘴的[ə],气流向外。
双元音
双元音较简单,大多数可进行类比,注意双元音的重音在第一个音标,即前一个音读的稍重,后一个音读的较轻。
[eɪ]=“A”
[aɪ]=“I”
[əʊ]=“O”
[ɔɪ]=“哦一”
[ɪə]=ear
[eə]=air
[ʊə]=“乌尔”
辅音
大部分辅音跟“汉语拼音”都有相似之处,直接看视频模仿即可,这里只讲解易错发音。
爆破音:
[t] [p] [k] 不要读成[tə] [pə] [kə] 注意:它们声带不震动
摩擦音:
[f][v] 咬唇音,注意上齿咬下唇
[θ][ð]
上下齿轻咬舌头,发音时能看到你的舌头露出
[ʃ]=不发音的“诗” [ʒ]= “日”
[r]=撅嘴+卷舌的“热” [h]=不发音+舌头平放的“喝”
鼻音
[m] 合嘴
[n] 舌前部抵住上颚
[ŋ] 嘴巴张开
舌侧音[l]
元音前:跟拼音“l”发音一致元音后:发“l”的前半段
半元音
[j] “也”
[w] =圆唇噘嘴的“我”
破擦音
[tʃ]= 不发声的“吃”
[dʒ]= “居”
[ts]=不发声的“次”
[dz]=“子”
[tr] 先发“t”,在发“r”,最后结合在一起
[dr] 同上
词汇拼读
1、规划拼读任务,拿出单词书或课本词汇表,找只含1~2个音节的单词拼读,20个为一组,每天练习3组,当然如果有时间,多进行几组也OK,加强效果。后期难度逐渐加大。
2、输入法识别词汇,每拼读一个词汇,都对着X飞输入法的语音识别功能朗读,看能否被输入法识别出单词,用机器来检测是否读的准确。
3、听词汇跟读,不管输入法识别出单词,还是没识别出单词,都要查手机字典,来听一遍听力,并跟读,模仿语调和轻重读音。
例如:Cash driver apartment money breakfast lawyer agency
学习计划
1、国际音标,一共48个,每天学4个,12天学完,元音和辅音每天各学习两个。
2、学完以后结合和音标相关的单词,每天坚持读一个小时,第二天要把第一天的一块儿读,第三天要把前两天的一块儿读,依次类推,坚持学完所有的音标,就可以读字典上任何一个单词。
3、长期坚持下去,会发现其实很多字母和音标有着关联,比如ph都发音标f的音,字母u发尖a的音,类似的规律,当大家坚持下来以后会发现很多,同时你甚至可以听到单词的发音就能把单词拼出来,直接就把背单词的问题解决了,音标会读,单词会读,单词会背,听力当然也不再是问题。自己总结出来的规律说明真的学会了,同时自己得出来的结论要比老师直接告诉你印象更深刻,同时最重要的是用起来更容易。
注意事项
1、了解发音要领,模仿老师口型
学习语音,一定要注意口型,并仔细揣摩每个音标的发音要领,特别是相似音标的发音区别。
零基础学员不要以为盯着老师的口型就好了,其实发音很多都是内部器官看不到的, 所以需要老师正确的发音示范,跟着老师一起读,然后再加上老师给的一些技巧,继续跟读,老师感觉哪有问题,再帮着纠正,这样一系列过程才是练成标准发音的秘籍。
2、 单词拼读实战,一对一纠正错误
养成一口纯正口语最重要的还是练习练习再练习,单词拼读实战训练,巩固你的发音。不断读,不断纠正,训练单个音标到训练多个单词,在学习语音的过程中,再掌握一些基础的词汇。
3、辩音练习,纠正错误,掌握发音规律
训练难度会随着课程的深入不断加强,但还是训练相同的内容,一节课很多类似的训练内容。音标中很多类似的发音,将相似音放在一起对比再练习,舌头和耳朵在这很重要。
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","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqckdkO2SoWKyoxQJlCcXjKcn4f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"元音部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MsOsda4UyoA0yUx4xP6czKClnJg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":345,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"元音部分","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a663fdb6f1284e47acca44c09060b0a2","width":694},"text":"","id":"AEKudCk2So0cmMxCAIeceBvxnjf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KisEdmSmgogIwoxC4ZMcG3QknLe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":601,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音部分","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7467dcbf994549a5a6381df079b4301f","width":561},"text":"","id":"PAIEdU6suogWcexSCXRc664TnUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音标的分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YouadwUQwosyeyxasemc2PIHnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最实用的分类方式是:元音=长元音+短元音+双元音;辅音=清辅音+浊辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwWMdM0y4okSc6xUXz8cZOKMnWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"英语一共有48个国际音标,包括20个元音,28个辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZEYEdomcAoIWSIx0gs6ctJvEnHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20个元音包括5个长元音:/i:/、/ɜ:/、/u:/、/a:/、/ɔ:/;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TOEMdsCmEo8wmuxy9sgchI0Dncu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7个短元音:[i] [ə] [ɔ] [u] [ʌ] [e] [æ];","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JSgsdwwsWoc2i8xcLMycBbyfnae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8个双元音:/eɪ、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FEqydSEaYoYgAExG0OJcpQCinVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QgMudGYi4ooOcUxmocWcCoCEn1I"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、长元音顾名思义就是发的音比较长而饱满;短元音则发的音比较短而急;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUm2dg0ayooas8xw7mKc1LHmnHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、双元音就是两个单元音拼在一起,成为组合音。双元音发音的特点是前面的单元音发音长,后面的发音比较短。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6kydWcCEosSoGx4YDdcStKNnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28个辅音包括:轻辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AIKwdykA4ogsCMxghM8cwNI2ndd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EKwedeuCIoQOQOxsPGjcKnRinVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsCOdg4ACo2C8cxYDOvc9jprnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音 /j/ /w/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YgEed6IysogkMcxCm9rcZCI9nMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"边音 /ǀ/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkYUdw6iMoqSiqxwvFGcq3HTnTb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":551,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音标的分类","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6872a8bb79f14f40989a6ed6bc41be7a","width":720},"text":"","id":"C4qGduOAkoiWuQx0ixicZGvqnPh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYc4dsOwco02wAxAp27chauenkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"长元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MI8CdGMgmoi24ox6Isuc2rBwnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击这个视频学习长元音发音。《【元音音标(长元音)-哔哩哔哩】 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看见,参看","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HoymdmuGiocUiExgVgicDvQJn2b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"长元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/11401e7cc5bc444dbe441c1675fed41f","width":451},"text":"","id":"Jwu8dI462oaeoYx2YiTciWTqnvE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)/ɜ:/发音技巧:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ts2qdA6SgoseSMxKkuqcBll6nug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/ɜ:/是长元音,近似于北京腔的“儿”话音,如“花儿”的“儿”。发好这个音,关键在于卷舌!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OYYudyQECoAUWCxAXCXcpSQNnwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:shirt [ʃə:t] n. 衬衫,男士衬衫;nurse [nə:s] n. 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","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/VQsPDdl"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/VQsPDdl","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BsecdiMMYoke62xG0Lkcik9snKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8个双元音发音技巧:/eɪ/、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UUoSdueMqoIYkAxgdQTcnBxBnXg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)/eɪ/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SyYCdiUwooQQuKxUDZccsKHLnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"该音是个双元音,发音时双唇稍扁,口形从半开到合。类似于英文字母“A”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZKEwdAkUGoA4iIxpX5EcLq3KnrH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:say[sei] v.说;delay[diˈlei] n. 延迟 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/h/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JY04deUyUo4SOIx00V9cNrjgn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11个浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aya6dI06WoYGm0xgFG8cd2RWnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DCAKdYKa6o6CskxSKjOcMmqYnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"清辅音:发音时送气,声带不颤动(颤不颤用手放在喉咙上就知道了)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4c8d0oaKoiiasxSJbIc3Phpn8z"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"浊辅音:发音时不送气(拿张纸放在嘴前,纸没有被吹开),声带颤动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C6msd8Wsao4MCox3aGXchxhTnit"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)/p/ /b/谐音分别为“普”、“卜”,都省去韵母成分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WqgqdeYCwoquUGxIpR6cp8i9n6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:/p/是清辅音,声带不振动;/b/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q2iUduAywo0QcsxAPIvcauRYn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/p/:pen [pen] 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throw [θrəʊ] vi. 投掷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQUadqEywoMcs2xEtzIc5zkmnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/ð/:this [ðɪs] pron. 这,这个,这里; mother [ˈmʌðə(r)] n. 母亲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGMedc0I2oEIOEx6qDWc6Ca4nwg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":430,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/50168da9a42b477395fa447a59aadf00","width":640},"text":"","id":"TS0MdAOiIoWak2x4Fr2cXJLRneg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fe852c5bda9443b4b98bcb1ed73950ab","width":456},"text":"","id":"Y6o6dYI68oOO4ixYzmUcUdwlnHg"}],"text":"","id":"MCEgdOoEkoUE2qxAtnfcviE7nSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)/s/ 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hat的名词复数 ) ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOksdQsWUoKGA2xETz0chmFantf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dz/:hands [hændz] n.手;lands [lændz] n.陆地","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMmSdKgc0oK828xcVxeci6yGnOg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8fdc13488fbc4d59a98f9f0713aefe7c","width":450},"text":"","id":"P8KydWaQYo8qWUxQppkc4qdhngb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c7a93711b0e46cc83a527c60d527179","width":451},"text":"","id":"PkmQd6QMeoIcCIxoQSfcvdqVnmb"}],"text":"","id":"Ng8qda44kouo0UxWAN2cpPcpnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(8)/tr/ /dr/分别谐音“戳”、“捉”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ng8qda44kouo0UxWAN2cpPcpnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:舌尖贴齿龈后部,气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音,声带不振动;/dr/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GSKsdMQi0o82OexWotqcSV0KnVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/tr/ : tree [tri:] n. 树,木料;try [traɪ] vt.\u0026 vi. 试图 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGkKdsqAqo0C8WxqIJucE48Anzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dr/:dress [dres] n.连衣裙;drink [drɪŋk] 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垃圾;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FGIidicIkoCGCKxKo0PcQBYlnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/ʒ/:pleasure [ˈpleʒə] n.快乐,愉快;casual [ˈkæʒuəl] adj意外的,偶然的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MwwIdAKiooqy2Cxak94c5PDbnGg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":285,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f332b0d40c74d34ae86cb1fa3ca05e7","width":454},"text":"","id":"DwsYdMccsog0iYxISsfcHUVinNH"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":228,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f540e592612a4386a861f7ad67e4073c","width":453},"text":"","id":"ISiYdkQoGoGQe0xKa7JcQsU3n3d"}],"text":"","id":"SMc2d28g4oE0muxS4CIcteUNn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(10)/t∫/ /dʒ/分别谐音“吃”、“之”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SMc2d28g4oE0muxS4CIcteUNn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音时舌身抬高,舌端抵上齿龈后部,气流通过时发出破擦音。/t∫/是清辅音,声带不振动;/dʒ/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U0gWdO4iMoCAaoxYfM3cC5m6n7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/t∫/: chalk [tʃɔ:k] n. 粉笔;chair [tʃeər] n. 椅子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NK0ydWy0SoseSyxGoJMcJWW5nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dʒ/:page [peɪdʒ] n.页 ;age [eɪdʒ] 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/r/分别谐音“呵”、“若”,省去韵母成分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0eYdWCA2oa2Q8xADQhcjsCsnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M04md204koiKaQxcjQPccMzznXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发/h/这个音时,嘴半开,气流从口腔不受阻碍而出,声带不振动,清辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K6Kidis8moccGAxjkUjcGKHMncS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发/r/这个音时,舌端上卷,靠近上齿龈附近,嘴唇张开并保持略圆状态,气流从口腔涌出,声带振动,属于浊辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Skk8dmsmoog2KwxWIvucX2Yvnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例: /h/: hair [heə(r)] n.头发;hate [heɪt] v.恨,厌恶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeIKdecMEoOEEsxC2MDcxzKenug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/r/: sorry ['sɒrɪ] v.对不起 ;write [raɪt] 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n.时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGuudoKUeogKgKxS8ZUcakUsnYg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":275,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f85c67957ccc46bdaa291f21c4945bbf","width":453},"text":"","id":"JSAAdM6wSo6uSUxQzE5cb42LnQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)/n/谐音“呢”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MsCId8QaAou0OwxCavicqQUSnLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:舌尖顶住上齿龈,形成阻碍,气流从鼻腔发出,同时声带震动,开口音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E2GAdKKSGoCuWIxQdrXctfW6nvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:nice [naɪc] adj.漂亮的;funny [ˈfʌni] 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","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/G9C7X9F"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/G9C7X9F","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8uCdoCuco8aeGxkXIScGUjtnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/l/谐音“里”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EkeKdas6eoQ8msxawD1cdzE7n6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:舌尖顶住上齿龈,发音时气流从舌面的两侧通过,声带保持震动,属于浊辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIWkd0eeuoiCGqx6rikckQCtnld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:light [laɪt] n.光线 ;ball [bɔ:l] n.球","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CuIodIW6goAcIExgblmcWFXXnah"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":260,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"边音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c8a9eb0ff3c3438e80e649b07a85be15","width":456},"text":"","id":"MoWedis4SokU8cxGSwecIsV7nTh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOUWdOmoioWWUOxSKvHcytrEnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击这个视频学习半元音发音。《【BBC英语 其他辅音 半元音'w'的发音 与'v'的区别 国际音标发音|Pronunciation Tips 34 Other Consonant-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/fC2pYDl"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/fC2pYDl","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I8yIdi2Ego4uoyxmUgXcTisJn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/j/谐音“耶”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2ScdIcYUouWkWxiojWcdJ1KnJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音时声带震动,气流口腔发出。浊辅音,发音口型类似/ i/.","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QmQMd4CA2o0cWYxeKdicdK2bn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:ye [jes] adv.是的;young [jʌŋ] 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哪一个","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N8yMd808YogkeYxS8Bzcw8AnnZe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":299,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/752d066e3d624ac5a0a385ff5a02f131","width":453},"text":"","id":"A2EAdkoKaoKUE8xCUKAcaFHvnrh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KGmUduwi2o4WWcxW8UAcAtf6nsh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抄写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CyQmdY0woowyiWxQtzSct7zAn95"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"抄写音标,并了解音标特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OKeud2iiGoSqEAxWbELcjRpgnqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对音标的基本认知","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RaimdAOiYoEG8SxSmf2ceFeonGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、区别长短音带“:”的音标发音相对较长不带“:”的音标发音相对较短。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2ScdmyGqomYqaxyqkdcLdq3nhL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、区别清辅音和浊辅音核心区别:清辅音声带不震动,浊辅音声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NYY8dyIYwo8OyAxcjYfcWTgKn3f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V8YAdU2MgoEgOGxKAYHckkUAn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"找合适的视频学习学习跟读。例如b站上《【赖世雄48个英语音标朗读示范,美音英音对照版-哔哩哔哩】 【","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"】》、《【李咏梅老师英语(音标部分)——最牛的初中英语老师!没有之一!李咏梅国际音标 (完整版发音篇)-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/U1pmjNE"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/U1pmjNE","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》、《【纯正英式发音】这是BBC出品的到现在为止最棒的英语发音教程(完整版)-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/gZzDKl5"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/gZzDKl5","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》,以上几个视频都非常不错,详细讲解每个音标的读法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"注意视频一定至少跟读5遍,才能确保你的学习效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KS4ydK4S6oiIQmxu0vncRSQHnMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以通过下面这个视频观察发音口型的变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IuCAd8Eeao4kYCxCirecwybinKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMmAd4gewoQWIUxKQ07cNUeEnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、模仿练习,学习国际音标的发音,要注意观察老师的口型,观察发音部位的变化,主动模仿发音,初学可以对着镜子模仿练习,特别是元音发音的舌位高低,口腔开口度大小与音色关系十分密切,可以通过镜子观察口型上的区别,观察舌尖、舌面、舌叶的活动情况,比如u和o、i和e、e和ε等等,掌握准确口腔开口度,对于准确发音具有非常重要的意义。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XcymdwOWCo6CIGxa2tecRpqyncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、听音训练:学习国际音标需要认识48个音标,通过反反复复的听力练习,达到强化记忆。听音训练,如果有条件,可以多听老师朗读音标,也可以使用录音带反复听音,本课件中的每个音素,都可以循环倾听,强化记忆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N242dAYGAoY4MIxCel4c7gT7nOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、多动口,动口是加强实践的关键和核心,听音也好,模仿也好,比较也好,最终要归结到自己发音这一目标上来,所以勤动口是掌握国际音标发音的关键。俗话说,\"三天不写手生,三天不念口生\",说的就是要加强动手动口能力的培养。因此学习国际音标,要时时加强语音训练,勤动口,反复实践练习,在实践中比较,在实践中体会差别,做到熟能生巧,这样自然就掌握国际音标的发音了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8AGdQweWo6Eq4xwZQpcAzqTnGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点音标讲解","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NYgkdUaewoSIquxc48NcmqD7nQy"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YW4wdUskoocOAwxuatBcuFsWn1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[i:] 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=“啊”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOUkd82oyoSQK2xGU3Yc38ITngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔ] =开口稍大的“哦”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BY4wdeQqqoy6C6xqo3wc8LQdnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔ:r]=卷舌的“哦”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VieGd4caOoI2eIxKk63cHfKcnEh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/47f4542a00f04f7aae6be6656657cf8c","width":114},"text":"","id":"IE8cdeAC4oMySuxgcAocFfSanZ3"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/710b04be027845d7be2106e9bbeb33a3","width":104},"text":"","id":"XmK2diS0YoCssGx8z5CcCyTSnad"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/710b04be027845d7be2106e9bbeb33a3","width":104},"text":"","id":"XmK2diS0YoCssGx8z5CcCyTSnad"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/89ec169b38a04ab99190b396206e9400","width":98},"text":"","id":"UyMSdui2WoASQExMfVZcTvLqnrd"}],"text":"","id":"T8sYd4Wu8oaAOIxMxS7cIc9snLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[u:]核心:双唇由半开微突,过渡到合嘴圆唇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8sYd4Wu8oaAOIxMxS7cIc9snLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʊ] 发成噘嘴的[ə],气流向外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4EUdoaeCoGgg2xA94WcKc7XnVg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGS8duyAEoSGqgxas3DcrumNnog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音较简单,大多数可进行类比,注意双元音的重音在第一个音标,即前一个音读的稍重,后一个音读的较轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ww4IdocgUoaaeAxYJjwcra66neh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[eɪ]=“A”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TciidSSSmoKY6MxOmfycHajin1A"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[aɪ]=“I”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QyWEdEi4eo0WC4xYBXWcKXKJn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[əʊ]=“O”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OaqodkkAWoIIwixUvLJciK9Dnbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔɪ]=“哦一”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIkGdeWMMoCgCKxujKucWEgXnl7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɪə]=ear","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E6Wedoq6Go4KQKx0OLvcGKWAnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[eə]=air","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKsUdcKGSouW0exAVi9cPsZcnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʊə]=“乌尔”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMWSdYuUAo84WexU5RncsFdWnYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6SAdQWcYoe2WexqIZ7cCguWnbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大部分辅音跟“汉语拼音”都有相似之处,直接看视频模仿即可,这里只讲解易错发音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOS4dUWgKoegoQxoBW1c0scNnCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"爆破音:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AGwkdoY06oeKEExaYJdcMIPWnyc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[t] [p] [k] 不要读成[tə] [pə] [kə] 注意:它们声带不震动","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LqIEdUkemo8g6Gx2j13czIRNn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摩擦音:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAkqdWaUkoe4oQx6CBicKu6JnIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[f][v] 咬唇音,注意上齿咬下唇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UMwCdEUkWoQ6uQxwJcscTdTUnrd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":146,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2ad2d1355a204bcbae724b0dc07ceb1b","width":248},"text":"","id":"QugUdOeOOoC8yAxzSjzcPmdenp5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[θ][ð]","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoGUd4UcUoS2eSxig5ac7Oh0nPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上下齿轻咬舌头,发音时能看到你的舌头露出","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YesIdOoy4oEWmax6YWXcvXUSn1g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":125,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb45b894066748d99889cbe3cbcf925d","width":239},"text":"","id":"XM0idmGoWosKc0xkOwdckSZZnUx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʃ]=不发音的“诗” [ʒ]= “日”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BC0IdUyW4oiyGqxMzvxcAjzpnIg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":144,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c8f6dc95aeda44ba960be5c6b0ae01ba","width":278},"text":"","id":"DSW8dw0eQoyYAIx87UScLiJbnvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[r]=撅嘴+卷舌的“热” [h]=不发音+舌头平放的“喝”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HMsYdguS0osqikxYJjncCMxjnie"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QYkOdgowEo6mSExYBRPc5wiznOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[m] 合嘴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeSWdaaQkouGaMxKWxWcL08ense"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[n] 舌前部抵住上颚","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmKIdKGsiooa6ix6RbecaOExnUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ŋ] 嘴巴张开","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xcusd4giYokcyGxKw8JccJM3nxd"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6809d9fd4d604c999772a6441dca8739","width":157},"text":"","id":"HEw2dqIAYoysEoxiySQcHndjnud"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fa595b78ba94c89aadb1b2da94aaa69","width":157},"text":"","id":"CiAOdC6iooIYUEx0Yq6cvTGhnGd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fa595b78ba94c89aadb1b2da94aaa69","width":157},"text":"","id":"CiAOdC6iooIYUEx0Yq6cvTGhnGd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5675b8cf0d67465db9106dd349b765ab","width":165},"text":"","id":"ICYydaeeyosCAQxq6mDcf2cJnvb"}],"text":"","id":"IM4QdgE82oU0wAxkvaac1cYYnPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌侧音[l]","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IM4QdgE82oU0wAxkvaac1cYYnPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"元音前:跟拼音“l”发音一致元音后:发“l”的前半段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UAW4dyoO6ouEMwxU9DycGSVfnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYiUdiuoAoc0SkxJxQ7cKyODnHH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[j] “也”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MiEYdKWOGoYoCsxaALDcfRxtn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[w] =圆唇噘嘴的“我”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eakqd8i8gomqCCx0C5ScvszAn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破擦音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PWgEdOqSCo2cwaxgnVNcniofnCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[tʃ]= 不发声的“吃”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QUISdIOmYo8CAEx2xyfcxw1EnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dʒ]= “居”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XGoQdUkewoOKqwxg1NmcNvosncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ts]=不发声的“次”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P8K6ducAkoeSccxsVFec10Icnve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dz]=“子”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V2CSdAm0ioYYcqxADoecjOXUn5T"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[tr] 先发“t”,在发“r”,最后结合在一起","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMwOdSKYsoO6yyxKW0vcyzhxnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dr] 同上","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqcCdaYuSosyuIx02oycX1iwnQh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"词汇拼读","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0GedsKk0oUgoOxuyXccgX1vnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、规划拼读任务,拿出单词书或课本词汇表,找只含1~2个音节的单词拼读,20个为一组,每天练习3组,当然如果有时间,多进行几组也OK,加强效果。后期难度逐渐加大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiK6dkyMqoE6KYxcZFecaO2Onic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、输入法识别词汇,每拼读一个词汇,都对着X飞输入法的语音识别功能朗读,看能否被输入法识别出单词,用机器来检测是否读的准确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F82MdiS0OoEyEyxk1SicCu6vnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、听词汇跟读,不管输入法识别出单词,还是没识别出单词,都要查手机字典,来听一遍听力,并跟读,模仿语调和轻重读音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GcOsd4I80oaSsExCYAecvtgonmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:Cash driver apartment money breakfast lawyer agency ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UAkYd6KyoosOe8xyaEycPumwn0d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习计划","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig8edugQyogYa8xmCTpcTKcgnRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、国际音标,一共48个,每天学4个,12天学完,元音和辅音每天各学习两个。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kk6IdUSM0omgecxaQbkcSsZsnve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学完以后结合和音标相关的单词,每天坚持读一个小时,第二天要把第一天的一块儿读,第三天要把前两天的一块儿读,依次类推,坚持学完所有的音标,就可以读字典上任何一个单词。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QG6sdm2M4o68ouxYDuzcFDxhn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、长期坚持下去,会发现其实很多字母和音标有着关联,比如ph都发音标f的音,字母u发尖a的音,类似的规律,当大家坚持下来以后会发现很多,同时你甚至可以听到单词的发音就能把单词拼出来,直接就把背单词的问题解决了,音标会读,单词会读,单词会背,听力当然也不再是问题。自己总结出来的规律说明真的学会了,同时自己得出来的结论要比老师直接告诉你印象更深刻,同时最重要的是用起来更容易。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km8odoYG4omMG2xQjwvctwuOn8e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XS6WduK8gocSyQxwpyYc32mDnId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、了解发音要领,模仿老师口型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QaWwde6UQoWyyox8b3Yc0PnGngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习语音,一定要注意口型,并仔细揣摩每个音标的发音要领,特别是相似音标的发音区别。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jii2diISEoMkQixoveicLaPdn7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"零基础学员不要以为盯着老师的口型就好了,其实发音很多都是内部器官看不到的, 所以需要老师正确的发音示范,跟着老师一起读,然后再加上老师给的一些技巧,继续跟读,老师感觉哪有问题,再帮着纠正,这样一系列过程才是练成标准发音的秘籍。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pow0deEogocwqexqKJOchO9Qnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、 单词拼读实战,一对一纠正错误","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqAmdu0E4oWkkExaukOcf14rnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"养成一口纯正口语最重要的还是练习练习再练习,单词拼读实战训练,巩固你的发音。不断读,不断纠正,训练单个音标到训练多个单词,在学习语音的过程中,再掌握一些基础的词汇。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B0cyd2a4kowyACxM4E2cCki4nsi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、辩音练习,纠正错误,掌握发音规律","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AQWQdmkKmoYcqyxsrTAcvvH8nhy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练难度会随着课程的深入不断加强,但还是训练相同的内容,一节课很多类似的训练内容。音标中很多类似的发音,将相似音放在一起对比再练习,舌头和耳朵在这很重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyKYdA4oIoQC8exa2vjcYOc1nle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G4aGdqMEMoO2AGxkzAkcWRvAnHd"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E